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Ali Pasha Mubarak
Ali Pasha Mubarak (1823-Nov. 14, 1893 CE) was an Egyptian public works and education minister during the second half of the nineteenth century. He is often considered one of the most influential and talented of Egypt's 19th century reformers.〔William Cleveland. ''A History of the Modern Middle East''. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004.〕 He was born in Birnbal al-Jididah, a Nile Delta village and attended a government prep school before being admitted to the Cairo School of Engineering. During his studies in Cairo he was the top student and as a result was chosen to be a member of a student mission sent by Muhammad Ali to France in 1844.〔William Cleveland. ''A History of the Modern Middle East''. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004, p. 93.〕 He studied in Paris for two years and directly after that in Metz at a school for artillery officers and military engineers. He returned to his homeland in 1849 and was given an instructors position in the artillery school. After this in 1850, he became the first native Egyptian Muslim to be appointed the director of the entire system of government schools. This marked the beginning of his "rich career of public service that spanned nearly four decades and included appointments as head of the ministries of education, public works, and railways."〔 Ali Mubarak is known for his contribution in the reconstruction of Cairo's landscape and for founding Egypt's modern educational system.
His most famous work is titled ''al-Khitat al-Tawfiqiyya al-Jadida'' (Tawfiq's New Plans, referring to Egypt's ruler at the time), which provides a detailed, street-by-street description of Egypt's major cities and villages.
He also contributed to the start of the Egyptian National Library and Archives around 1870 which is one of the largest and oldest government libraries.
== Early life ==
'Ali Mubarak was born in Birnbal al-Jididah in the Daqliyah Province in the Nile Delta in 1823.〔Kenny, Lorne M. "'Ali Mubarak: Nineteenth Century Egyptian Educator and Administrator." Middle East Journal. 21 (1967): 36. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4324090.〕 'Ali Mubarak did not come from a wealthy family, however, he was a part of the Mashayikh family that was known to produce the local Qadi, Imam, and Khatib.〔 The situation of his family would indicate that 'Ali Mubarak would pursue a career as a religious figure for his rural community. During his youth, 'Ali Mubarak studied at many different schools and worked for different government clerics.
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